天堡城遗址   Tianbao Fortress Ruins

天堡城遗址位于钟山西峰顶的紫金山天文台园区内，海拔267米。始建于太平天国癸丑三年（1853年）春，是太平军为保卫首都天京建造的军事堡垒。

The Tianbao Fortress Ruins are located within the grounds of the Purple Mountain Observatory on the western peak of Zhongshan Mountain, at an elevation of 267 meters. Built in the spring of 1853, the third year of the Guichou calendar cycle of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Tianbao Fortress was a military stronghold constructed by the Taiping Army to defend its capital, Tianjing (present-day Nanjing).

1853年3月太平军攻占南京，改称天京。清钦差大臣向荣率清军尾随太平军至天京城东孝陵卫一带，建立起军事据点，称为江南大营，与琦善建立的江北大营互相呼应，力图包围并攻占天京。

In March 1853, the Taiping Army captured Nanjing and renamed it Tianjing, or “Heavenly Capital.” Soon afterward, Qing imperial commissioner Xiang Rong led Qing forces in pursuit and established a major military camp in the Xiaolingwei area east of the city. Known as the Jiangnan Camp, it worked in coordination with the Jiangbei Camp established by Qi Shan north of the Yangtze River, forming a strategic encirclement intended to retake Tianjing.

1912 年富贵山地图（局部）天堡城城垒

Tianbao Fortress, detail from a 1912 map of Fugui Mountain

钟山地处南京东北，居高临下，易守难攻，且迫临城郭，登峰足以俯瞰全城，观察孝陵卫、太平门等要地，向来是兵家必争之地，故太平军为与清军对垒，在此处修建了天堡城，用以监视清军在城外的行动，并与山麓的地堡城声息相通、上下配合，拱卫天京长达11年。1864年2月28日，清军攻占天堡城；同年7月19日，天京陷落。

Located northeast of Nanjing, Zhongshan Mountain commands a dominant position over the surrounding landscape. Easy to defend yet difficult to attack, it stands close to the city walls and offers sweeping views of the entire city as well as key locations such as Xiaolingwei and Taiping Gate. As a result, it had long been regarded as a strategically important military stronghold. To counter the Qing forces, the Taiping Army built Tianbao Fortress on the mountain summit to monitor enemy movements outside the city. The fortress worked in close coordination with Dibao Fortress at the foot of the mountain, forming a linked defensive network that protected Tianjing for 11 years. On February 28, 1864, Qing forces captured Tianbao Fortress; on July 19 of the same year, Tianjing fell, marking the end of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

天堡城也是辛亥革命光复南京战役的重要战场。1911年11月，为夺取天堡城这个地势险要的制高点，浙军司令部组建“浙军敢死队”， 应征者一百九十二人。敢死队士兵兵分两队，夜袭天堡城，与清军展开激战。最后，清军死伤数十，其余作鸟兽散，天堡城被江浙联军占领。1911年12月2日，江浙联军光复南京。1912年，天堡城建有浙军光复纪念碑，碑上刻有阵亡将士六十八人姓名。抗日战争时期，天堡城作为南京重要的防御工事，在战争中发挥着至关重要的作用，见证了抗日将士的浴血奋战、奋勇杀敌的身影。

Tianbao Fortress was also an important battlefield in the campaign to capture Nanjing during the Xinhai Revolution, or the 1911 Revolution. In November 1911, in order to seize this strategically vital high ground, the Zhejiang Revolutionary Army headquarters organized a "Dare-to-Die Corps" consisting of 192 volunteers. Divided into two units, the soldiers launched a nighttime assault on Tianbao Fortress and engaged Qing forces in fierce combat. After suffering dozens of casualties, the remaining Qing defenders fled in disarray, and Tianbao Fortress was captured by the allied Jiangsu-Zhejiang forces. On December 2, 1911, the allied forces succeeded in taking Nanjing. In 1912, a memorial stele was erected at Tianbao Fortress to commemorate the Zhejiang soldiers who fell in the battle, bearing the names of 68 servicemen. During the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Tianbao Fortress once again served as an important defensive position for Nanjing. It played a significant role in the city’s defense and witnessed the courage and sacrifice of Chinese soldiers in their fight against invading forces.

天堡城遗址现存石垒二座，位于天文台的一号城垒四面墙体依托钟山山体建成，城墙下部为天然的巨石，上部是人工垒砌的石块，墙体围合面积约2300平方米，东、西、南墙中各发现有一处缺口，应为城门所在。遗址区域内还发现有保存较好的炮台遗迹，在城外发现有采石遗迹、道路遗迹等。

Today, two stone fortifications survive at the Tianbao Fortress Ruins. Fort No. 1, located within the observatory grounds, was built against the natural contours of Zhongshan Mountain. The lower portions of its walls consist of massive natural boulders, while the upper sections are constructed from carefully laid stone blocks. The enclosed area covers approximately 2,300 square meters. Openings discovered in the eastern, western, and southern walls are believed to mark the locations of former gates. Archaeologists have also identified well-preserved artillery emplacements within the site, as well as quarrying remains and traces of historic roads outside the fortress.

文保名称Name：

天堡城遗址

Tianbao Fortress Ruins

保护级别Protection Status：

江苏省文物保护单位（第二批）

Jiangsu Provincial Protected Cultural Relic Unit (second batch)

年代Period：

太平天国

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Period (1851–1864)

类别Category：

近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑

Modern Important Historical Site and Representative Architecture

地理位置Location：

玄武区钟山西峰

Western Peak of Zhongshan Mountain, Xuanwu District, Nanjing